Minutes from the Federal Reserve’s September 16 meeting, released Wednesday, show that every participant agreed interest rates needed to move higher. The committee voted unanimously to raise the federal funds rate, its first increase in three years, and most members projected at least one more quarter-point hike before the end of the year.
The minutes describe a committee that saw inflation as elevated and the labor market as near full employment, with some signs of strengthening. Economic activity was expanding at a solid pace. Almost all participants judged that risks to inflation were tilted to the upside, while risks to the labor market had diminished and were now broadly balanced. That balance of risks was the basis for the hike.
But the data since that meeting has shifted the picture. Core PCE inflation, the Fed’s preferred gauge, rose 3% in August, below the 3.3% economists expected and down from 3.3% in July. Then the September jobs report came in far weaker than forecast, with just 29,000 jobs added and the unemployment rate edging up to 4.2% from 4.1%. In other words, the two conditions that justified the hike, stubborn inflation and a firming labor market, both looked softer within weeks.
Several officials had already begun tempering expectations before the jobs report. Vice Chair Philip Jefferson and New York Fed President John Williams both acknowledged that inflation remains too high but said the central bank should take time to assess whether it is on a downward path. Williams said there is no need for urgency after the September increase and that the Fed has time to gather more information. That marks a notable shift from late September, when other officials were publicly arguing that more hikes were needed. Core inflation at 3% is still well above the Fed’s 2% target, so the debate now appears to be about timing rather than direction.
Markets have adjusted accordingly. The Fed meets again October 27 and 28, and futures now price only about a 17% chance of a hike at that meeting, down from roughly two-thirds in late September. The odds of a hike in December sit near 70%, which suggests traders see the Fed pausing rather than finishing.
A pause would not necessarily bring relief to long-term borrowing costs. The 10-year Treasury yield is still near 5.3%, and much of the recent rise has reflected investors demanding higher real returns to hold long-dated debt rather than the Fed’s policy rate, a dynamic that a pause in hikes may do little to change.
For small and microcap investors, the shift matters. Roughly 32% of Russell 2000 companies carry floating-rate debt, compared with about 6% of S&P 500 companies, so changes in the expected path of short-term rates flow more directly into smaller companies’ interest costs. A pause at the current range of 3.75% to 4.00% would stabilize that expense, while a December hike would extend it. The weaker jobs data cuts both ways, since easing rate pressure helps leveraged balance sheets but a cooling labor market can hurt consumer-facing companies that depend on household spending, such as restaurant operator The ONE Group Hospitality and travel deals publisher Travelzoo.
