U.S. consumer spending rose more than expected in August, reinforcing the strength of the economy even as inflation continued to edge higher. The Commerce Department reported that household expenditures advanced 0.6% last month, surpassing forecasts of a 0.5% gain and extending July’s 0.5% increase. The results suggest that the economy maintained much of its momentum from the second quarter, when growth hit its fastest pace in nearly two years.
Households increased spending across both services and goods. Travel and leisure categories saw notable gains, with more Americans booking airline tickets, staying in hotels, and dining out. Spending at restaurants and bars remained elevated, while recreational services also benefited from strong demand.
Goods purchases rose 0.8% in August, driven by sales of recreational equipment, clothing, and gasoline. Services spending, which accounts for the bulk of household consumption, advanced 0.5%, in line with the previous month.
This broad-based spending has been supported by wealth gains among higher-income households. Rising stock prices and elevated home values have bolstered balance sheets, allowing affluent consumers to maintain strong levels of discretionary spending. By contrast, lower-income families continue to face challenges from higher food and energy costs, as well as upcoming reductions in federal nutrition assistance programs.
The Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index, the Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation gauge, climbed 0.3% in August following a 0.2% gain in July. On a year-over-year basis, prices rose 2.7%, the largest annual increase since February. Core PCE, which excludes volatile food and energy categories, remained elevated at 2.9%.
The acceleration in prices reflects the lingering impact of tariffs and supply constraints. Many businesses have so far absorbed part of the higher costs rather than pass them directly to consumers, but economists caution that this trend is unlikely to continue indefinitely. As inventories accumulated before tariffs are depleted, broader price pressures could emerge.
Personal income rose 0.4% in August, with a significant portion of the gain stemming from government transfer payments. Wage growth was comparatively modest at 0.3%, highlighting persistent weakness in the labor market. Job creation has slowed considerably in recent months due to policy uncertainty and tighter immigration rules, which have limited labor supply.
This divergence between resilient spending and softer hiring raises questions about the durability of consumption in the months ahead. While households are still fueling growth today, slower income gains could eventually restrain demand, especially if inflation remains elevated.
The Atlanta Fed currently projects third-quarter GDP growth of 3.3%, down slightly from the 3.8% expansion recorded in the second quarter. Analysts expect consumer spending to cool toward the end of the year as higher prices weigh on purchasing power and government support programs wind down.
For now, household consumption remains the key driver of U.S. economic expansion. Whether this momentum can continue in the face of rising inflation and labor market challenges will be a central focus for policymakers and investors heading into the final quarter of 2025.
